Updated: January 14, 2025

Butylated hydroxytoluene, or BHT, also known as dibutylhydroxytoluene, is a lipophilic organic compound, chemically a derivative of phenol, that is useful for its antioxidant properties. It is a lab-made chemical that is added to foods as a preservative.

With this usage, BHT maintains freshness or prevents spoilage; it may be used to decrease the rate at which the texture, color, or flavor of food changes. People also use it as medicine. BHT is widely used to prevent oxidation in fluids (e.g., fuel, oil) and other materials where free radicals must be controlled. BHT is used to treat genital herpes and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Some people apply BHT directly to the skin for cold sores. BHT is an antioxidant. It may damage the protective outer layer of viral cells, potentially keeping the viruses from multiplying or doing more damage.

Uses & Effectiveness

Sufficient Evidence for Certain Applications

BHT is very popular and is accepted worldwide in the context of using it as a food antioxidant. It is employed in the food industry because it was proven to be one of the most effective in preserving food; hence, it prevents the oxidation of fat and oils. This property is well substantiated, and organizations like the US Food and Drug Administration have designated BHT as "Generally Recognized as Safe" (GRAS) when used at the right concentrations. Besides food use, BHT has been widely used industrially, especially for stabilizing commodities such as fuels, rubber, and cosmetics. Oxidative damage is prevented; thus, the durability and efficiency of these materials are not compromised.

Insufficient Evidence for Medical Uses

Due to its antioxidant characteristics, researchers have considered BHT for its medicinal uses, for there is still much research on this compound. Some studies suggest that topical application of BHT on cold sores might help them heal faster. This is due to the capacity of BHT to interfere with the herpes simplex virus envelope and consequently slow down the replication of the virus. Nonetheless, even though its preliminary results appear favorable. Further, properly designed clinical studies are required to determine its efficacy in treating cold sores.

Like with HIV, the same BHT has been studied for its antiviral effects on genital herpes and its use in dealing with AIDS. In vitro tests suggest that BHT may inhibit these viruses from entering cells, but such research has not been sufficiently proven in clinical trials on human subjects. There is also a rising focus on the future usage of BHT in solving oxidative stress diseases, including aging and inflammation. 

Side Effects & Safety

BHT is safe in the amounts found in processed foods. However, there isn't enough information to know if it is safe to take BHT in medicinal doses, which are typically higher. There isn't enough information to tell whether BHT can be safely used on the skin. The US Food and Drug Administration classifies BHT as generally considered safe (GRAS) food preservative when used according to approved uses. However, there could be a possible link between BHT and cancer risk, asthma, and behavioral issues in children. Some studies show a potential to increase risk, while others suggest a possibility to decrease risk.

Special Precautions and Dosing

Pregnancy and breastfeeding

BHT is safe when eaten as food, but there's not enough information to know if it's secure in the more significant amounts that are used as medicine. If you are pregnant or breastfeeding, avoid using it as medicine.

Dosing

The appropriate dose of BHT depends on several factors, such as the user's age, health, and several other conditions. Currently, there is not enough scientific information to determine an appropriate range of doses for BHT. Keep in mind that natural products are not always necessarily safe, and dosages can be important. Be sure to follow relevant directions on product labels and consult your pharmacist, physician, or other healthcare professional before using.

BHT in Healthcare and Pharmaceuticals

For companies in the healthcare and pharmaceutical sectors, BHT serves purposes beyond its role as a preservative. Its antioxidant properties make it a critical component in products where stability and protection against oxidation are essential.

In pharmaceuticals, oxidation can degrade active ingredients and excipients, reducing the effectiveness of medications over time. The application of BHT helps manufacturers stabilize such items as creams, capsules, and solutions for topical application and helps them retain their effectiveness and safety for use until the expiration date. This is a crucial area for certain specials, especially those whose quality is bound to be affected by factors like heat, light, or air.

After quality, manufacturers are now focusing on sustainability. Fair and proven supply chains and sustainable production processes are emerging as the new standards companies have to meet and follow in terms of a broader set of industry and customer values.

Final Thoughts

BHT has a wide variety of applications, including food conservation and stabilization of pharmaceuticals. Its antioxidant characteristic offers a basis for utilization in industries from food processing to healthcare. That said, this compound holds potential, though its use must also raise concerns around safety and efficacy when administered in medicinal quantities. To businesses, especially health and pharmaceutical companies, BHT provides ways to boost the shelf stability of products without straining safety and regulatory constraints. However, the optimization of this advantage requires a strategic approach in formulation, adherence to regulations and international policies, and procurement of raw materials. With ongoing research, BHT's role continues to evolve, offering the potential for further innovation in product development and preservation.